decentralized.

bounty hunters and fleeting profit-mongers.

Building fully on-chain games

Ironically, Axie Infinity and CryptoKitties served as pivotal catalysts in the evolution of blockchain gaming — but they weren't fully on-chain. They were experimental, niche, and heavily crypto-centric, characterized by their clunky user interfaces. Despite opening up new avenues, they weren’t entirely "Autonomous Worlds" either. Users had little or no control over the rules and direction of the game, and only parts of the game states were on-chain.The challenge Dark Forest tackled was maintaining a publicly accessible distributed ledger without compromising the confidentiality of players' strategies — a fundamental aspect in any strategic gameplay.

Using zkProofs, Dark Forest maintained gameplay integrity and player privacy on a blockchain. This approach solved the critical issue of revealing sensitive game states (e.g., planet locations or attack trajectories), which is easily manageable with centralized servers but very challenging in decentralized environments. Dark Forest's solution set a precedent for real-time strategy gaming on the blockchain, providing a blueprint for future on-chain game development.

They even sparked the proliferation of community-oriented, bottom-up AWs: Mithraeum, Citadel, ZkHunt, and so on. Loot Project was another interesting addition to this space, letting users permissionlessly expand the IP and spawning hundreds of games, lores, etc

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